A High Dynamic Range 128×120 3D-Stacked CMOS SPAD Image Sensor SoC for Fluorescence Microendoscopy

Ahmet Erdogan; Tarek Al Abbas; Neil Finlayson; Charlotte Hopkinson; Istvan Gyongy; Oscar Almer; Neale Dutton; Robert K. Henderson

doi:10.1109/JSSC.2022.3150721

A High Dynamic Range 128×120 3D-Stacked CMOS SPAD Image Sensor SoC for Fluorescence Microendoscopy

Ahmet Erdogan, Tarek Al Abbas, Neil Finlayson, Charlotte Hopkinson, Istvan Gyongy, Oscar Almer, Neale Dutton, Robert K. Henderson

School of Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

Abstract

A miniaturized 1.4mm × 1.4mm, 128 × 120 single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensor with a 5-wire interface is designed for time-resolved fluorescence microendoscopy. This is the first endoscopic chip-on-tip sensor capable of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The sensor provides a novel, compact means to extend the photon counting dynamic range (DR) by partitioning the required bit-depth between in-pixel counters and off-pixel noiseless frame summation. The sensor is implemented in STMicroelectronics 40nm/90nm 3D-stacked backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS process with 8 μm pixels and 45% fill factor. The sensor capabilities are demonstrated through FLIM examples, including ex-vivo human lung tissue, obtained at video rate.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1649-1660
Number of pages	12
Journal	IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Volume	57
Issue number	6
Early online date	1 Mar 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2022.3150721
Publication status	Published - Jun 2022

Keywords / Materials (for Non-textual outputs)

3-D stacking
chip-on-tip
CMOS image sensor (CIS)
fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM)
High dynamic range (HDR)
microendoscopy
Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)
system-on-chip (SoC)
time gating
time resolved
Random access memory
Dynamic range
single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)
Registers
Endoscopes
Imaging
Logic gates
high dynamic range (HDR)
Single-photon avalanche diodes

Access to Document

10.1109/JSSC.2022.3150721

JSSC_acceptedFeb2022Accepted author manuscript, 2.03 MB

Lighting the Way to a Healthy Nation - Optical 'X-rays' for Walk Through Diagnosis & Therapy
Henderson, R. (Principal Investigator)
EPSRC
1/06/20 → 31/05/25
Project: Research
Smart single¿¿¿photon sensors for ultra¿¿¿fast 3D vision
Gyongy, I. (Principal Investigator)
EPSRC
29/06/18 → 30/06/21
Project: Research
Multiplexed 'Touch and Tell' Optical Molecular Sensing and Imaging
Henderson, R. (Principal Investigator)
EPSRC
1/10/13 → 31/03/19
Project: Research

Cite this

@article{e8dc673690244126ad382a3d09310282,

title = "A High Dynamic Range 128×120 3D-Stacked CMOS SPAD Image Sensor SoC for Fluorescence Microendoscopy",

abstract = "A miniaturized 1.4mm × 1.4mm, 128 × 120 single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensor with a 5-wire interface is designed for time-resolved fluorescence microendoscopy. This is the first endoscopic chip-on-tip sensor capable of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The sensor provides a novel, compact means to extend the photon counting dynamic range (DR) by partitioning the required bit-depth between in-pixel counters and off-pixel noiseless frame summation. The sensor is implemented in STMicroelectronics 40nm/90nm 3D-stacked backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS process with 8 μm pixels and 45\% fill factor. The sensor capabilities are demonstrated through FLIM examples, including ex-vivo human lung tissue, obtained at video rate.",

keywords = "3-D stacking, chip-on-tip, CMOS image sensor (CIS), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), High dynamic range (HDR), microendoscopy, Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), system-on-chip (SoC), time gating, time resolved, Random access memory, Dynamic range, single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), Registers, Endoscopes, Imaging, Logic gates, high dynamic range (HDR), Single-photon avalanche diodes",

author = "Ahmet Erdogan and \{Al Abbas\}, Tarek and Neil Finlayson and Charlotte Hopkinson and Istvan Gyongy and Oscar Almer and Neale Dutton and Henderson, \{Robert K.\}",

year = "2022",

month = jun,

doi = "10.1109/JSSC.2022.3150721",

language = "English",

volume = "57",

pages = "1649--1660",

journal = "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits",

issn = "0018-9200",

publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers",

number = "6",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - A High Dynamic Range 128×120 3D-Stacked CMOS SPAD Image Sensor SoC for Fluorescence Microendoscopy

AU - Erdogan, Ahmet

AU - Al Abbas, Tarek

AU - Finlayson, Neil

AU - Hopkinson, Charlotte

AU - Gyongy, Istvan

AU - Almer, Oscar

AU - Dutton, Neale

AU - Henderson, Robert K.

PY - 2022/6

Y1 - 2022/6

N2 - A miniaturized 1.4mm × 1.4mm, 128 × 120 single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensor with a 5-wire interface is designed for time-resolved fluorescence microendoscopy. This is the first endoscopic chip-on-tip sensor capable of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The sensor provides a novel, compact means to extend the photon counting dynamic range (DR) by partitioning the required bit-depth between in-pixel counters and off-pixel noiseless frame summation. The sensor is implemented in STMicroelectronics 40nm/90nm 3D-stacked backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS process with 8 μm pixels and 45% fill factor. The sensor capabilities are demonstrated through FLIM examples, including ex-vivo human lung tissue, obtained at video rate.

AB - A miniaturized 1.4mm × 1.4mm, 128 × 120 single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensor with a 5-wire interface is designed for time-resolved fluorescence microendoscopy. This is the first endoscopic chip-on-tip sensor capable of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The sensor provides a novel, compact means to extend the photon counting dynamic range (DR) by partitioning the required bit-depth between in-pixel counters and off-pixel noiseless frame summation. The sensor is implemented in STMicroelectronics 40nm/90nm 3D-stacked backside-illuminated (BSI) CMOS process with 8 μm pixels and 45% fill factor. The sensor capabilities are demonstrated through FLIM examples, including ex-vivo human lung tissue, obtained at video rate.

KW - 3-D stacking

KW - chip-on-tip

KW - CMOS image sensor (CIS)

KW - fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM)

KW - High dynamic range (HDR)

KW - microendoscopy

KW - Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)

KW - system-on-chip (SoC)

KW - time gating

KW - time resolved

KW - Random access memory

KW - Dynamic range

KW - single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)

KW - Registers

KW - Endoscopes

KW - Imaging

KW - Logic gates

KW - high dynamic range (HDR)

KW - Single-photon avalanche diodes

U2 - 10.1109/JSSC.2022.3150721

DO - 10.1109/JSSC.2022.3150721

M3 - Review article

SN - 0018-9200

VL - 57

SP - 1649

EP - 1660

JO - IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits

JF - IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits

IS - 6

ER -

A High Dynamic Range 128×120 3D-Stacked CMOS SPAD Image Sensor SoC for Fluorescence Microendoscopy

Abstract

Keywords / Materials (for Non-textual outputs)

Access to Document

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Projects

Lighting the Way to a Healthy Nation - Optical 'X-rays' for Walk Through Diagnosis & Therapy

Smart single¿¿¿photon sensors for ultra¿¿¿fast 3D vision

Multiplexed 'Touch and Tell' Optical Molecular Sensing and Imaging

Cite this