TY - JOUR
T1 - A survey on clinical natural language processing in the United Kingdom from 2007 to 2022
AU - Wu, Honghan
AU - Wang, Minhong
AU - Wu, Jinge
AU - Francis, Farah
AU - Chang, Yun-Hsuan
AU - Shavick, Alex
AU - Dong, Hang
AU - Poon, Michael T C
AU - Fitzpatrick, Natalie
AU - Levine, Adam P
AU - Slater, Luke T
AU - Handy, Alex
AU - Karwath, Andreas
AU - Gkoutos, Georgios V
AU - Chelala, Claude
AU - Shah, Anoop Dinesh
AU - Stewart, Robert
AU - Collier, Nigel
AU - Alex, Beatrice
AU - Whiteley, William
AU - Sudlow, Cathie
AU - Roberts, Angus
AU - Dobson, Richard J B
N1 - © 2022. The Author(s).
PY - 2022/12/21
Y1 - 2022/12/21
N2 - Much of the knowledge and information needed for enabling high-quality clinical research is stored in free-text format. Natural language processing (NLP) has been used to extract information from these sources at scale for several decades. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of clinical NLP for the past 15 years in the UK to identify the community, depict its evolution, analyse methodologies and applications, and identify the main barriers. We collect a dataset of clinical NLP projects (n = 94; £ = 41.97 m) funded by UK funders or the European Union's funding programmes. Additionally, we extract details on 9 funders, 137 organisations, 139 persons and 431 research papers. Networks are created from timestamped data interlinking all entities, and network analysis is subsequently applied to generate insights. 431 publications are identified as part of a literature review, of which 107 are eligible for final analysis. Results show, not surprisingly, clinical NLP in the UK has increased substantially in the last 15 years: the total budget in the period of 2019-2022 was 80 times that of 2007-2010. However, the effort is required to deepen areas such as disease (sub-)phenotyping and broaden application domains. There is also a need to improve links between academia and industry and enable deployments in real-world settings for the realisation of clinical NLP's great potential in care delivery. The major barriers include research and development access to hospital data, lack of capable computational resources in the right places, the scarcity of labelled data and barriers to sharing of pretrained models.
AB - Much of the knowledge and information needed for enabling high-quality clinical research is stored in free-text format. Natural language processing (NLP) has been used to extract information from these sources at scale for several decades. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of clinical NLP for the past 15 years in the UK to identify the community, depict its evolution, analyse methodologies and applications, and identify the main barriers. We collect a dataset of clinical NLP projects (n = 94; £ = 41.97 m) funded by UK funders or the European Union's funding programmes. Additionally, we extract details on 9 funders, 137 organisations, 139 persons and 431 research papers. Networks are created from timestamped data interlinking all entities, and network analysis is subsequently applied to generate insights. 431 publications are identified as part of a literature review, of which 107 are eligible for final analysis. Results show, not surprisingly, clinical NLP in the UK has increased substantially in the last 15 years: the total budget in the period of 2019-2022 was 80 times that of 2007-2010. However, the effort is required to deepen areas such as disease (sub-)phenotyping and broaden application domains. There is also a need to improve links between academia and industry and enable deployments in real-world settings for the realisation of clinical NLP's great potential in care delivery. The major barriers include research and development access to hospital data, lack of capable computational resources in the right places, the scarcity of labelled data and barriers to sharing of pretrained models.
U2 - 10.1038/s41746-022-00730-6
DO - 10.1038/s41746-022-00730-6
M3 - Review article
C2 - 36544046
SN - 2398-6352
VL - 5
SP - 186
JO - npj Digital Medicine
JF - npj Digital Medicine
IS - 1
ER -