Anxiety, Anger and Depression Amongst Low-Income Earners in Southwestern Uganda During the COVID-19 Total Lockdown

Victor Archibong; Ibe Michael  Usman; Keneth Kasozi; Eric Osamudiamwen Aigbogun; Josiah Ifie; Ann Monima Lemuel; Robinson  Ssebuufu; Gaudencia Chekwech; Swase Dominic Terkimbi; Okon Owoisinke; Ngala Elvis Mbiydzenyuy; Azeez Adeoye; Joshua Ojodale Aruwa; Adam Moyosore Afodun; Saidi Odoma; Fred  Ssempijja; Emmanuel Tiyo Ayikobua; John Tabakwot Ayuba; Viola Nankya; Comfort Onongha; Sussan Henry; Kevin  Matama; Helen Yusuf; Halima Nalugo; Ewan T MacLeod; Susan C Welburn

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.590458

Anxiety, Anger and Depression Amongst Low-Income Earners in Southwestern Uganda During the COVID-19 Total Lockdown

Victor Archibong, Ibe Michael Usman, Keneth Kasozi, Eric Osamudiamwen Aigbogun, Josiah Ifie, Ann Monima Lemuel, Robinson Ssebuufu, Gaudencia Chekwech, Swase Dominic Terkimbi, Okon Owoisinke, Ngala Elvis Mbiydzenyuy, Azeez Adeoye, Joshua Ojodale Aruwa, Adam Moyosore Afodun, Saidi Odoma, Fred Ssempijja, Emmanuel Tiyo Ayikobua, John Tabakwot Ayuba, Viola Nankya, Comfort OnonghaSussan Henry, Kevin Matama, Helen Yusuf, Halima Nalugo, Ewan T MacLeod, Susan C Welburn

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Background: Low-income earners are particularly vulnerable to mental health, consequence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown restrictions, due to a temporary or permanent loss of income and livelihood, coupled with government-enforced measures of social distancing. This study evaluates the mental health status among low-income earners in southwestern Uganda during the first total COVID-19 lockdown in Uganda.

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken amongst earners whose income falls below the poverty threshold. Two hundred and fifty-three (n = 253) male and female low-income earners between the ages of 18 and 60 years of age were recruited to the study. Modified generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) tools as appropriate were used to assess anxiety, anger, and depression respectively among our respondents.

Results: Severe anxiety (68.8%) followed by moderate depression (60.5%) and moderate anger (56.9%) were the most common mental health challenges experienced by low-income earners in Bushenyi district. Awareness of mental healthcare increased with the age of respondents in both males and females. A linear relationship was observed with age and depression (r = 0.154, P = 0.014) while positive correlations were observed between anxiety and anger (r = 0.254, P < 0.001); anxiety and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015) and anger and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015).

Conclusion: The study shows the importance of mental health awareness in low resource settings during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Females were identified as persons at risk to mental depression, while anger was highest amongst young males.

Original language	English
Article number	590458
Journal	Frontiers in public health
Volume	9
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.590458
Publication status	Published - 9 Dec 2021

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Archibong, V., Usman, I. M., Kasozi, K., Aigbogun, E. O., Ifie, J., Lemuel, A. M., Ssebuufu, R., Chekwech, G., Terkimbi, S. D., Owoisinke, O., Mbiydzenyuy, N. E., Adeoye, A., Aruwa, J. O., Afodun, A. M., Odoma, S., Ssempijja, F., Ayikobua, E. T., Ayuba, J. T., Nankya, V., ... Welburn, S. C. (2021). Anxiety, Anger and Depression Amongst Low-Income Earners in Southwestern Uganda During the COVID-19 Total Lockdown. Frontiers in public health, 9, [590458]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.590458

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title = "Anxiety, Anger and Depression Amongst Low-Income Earners in Southwestern Uganda During the COVID-19 Total Lockdown",

abstract = "Background: Low-income earners are particularly vulnerable to mental health, consequence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown restrictions, due to a temporary or permanent loss of income and livelihood, coupled with government-enforced measures of social distancing. This study evaluates the mental health status among low-income earners in southwestern Uganda during the first total COVID-19 lockdown in Uganda.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken amongst earners whose income falls below the poverty threshold. Two hundred and fifty-three (n = 253) male and female low-income earners between the ages of 18 and 60 years of age were recruited to the study. Modified generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) tools as appropriate were used to assess anxiety, anger, and depression respectively among our respondents.Results: Severe anxiety (68.8%) followed by moderate depression (60.5%) and moderate anger (56.9%) were the most common mental health challenges experienced by low-income earners in Bushenyi district. Awareness of mental healthcare increased with the age of respondents in both males and females. A linear relationship was observed with age and depression (r = 0.154, P = 0.014) while positive correlations were observed between anxiety and anger (r = 0.254, P < 0.001); anxiety and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015) and anger and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015).Conclusion: The study shows the importance of mental health awareness in low resource settings during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Females were identified as persons at risk to mental depression, while anger was highest amongst young males.",

author = "Victor Archibong and Usman, {Ibe Michael} and Keneth Kasozi and Aigbogun, {Eric Osamudiamwen} and Josiah Ifie and Lemuel, {Ann Monima} and Robinson Ssebuufu and Gaudencia Chekwech and Terkimbi, {Swase Dominic} and Okon Owoisinke and Mbiydzenyuy, {Ngala Elvis} and Azeez Adeoye and Aruwa, {Joshua Ojodale} and Afodun, {Adam Moyosore} and Saidi Odoma and Fred Ssempijja and Ayikobua, {Emmanuel Tiyo} and Ayuba, {John Tabakwot} and Viola Nankya and Comfort Onongha and Sussan Henry and Kevin Matama and Helen Yusuf and Halima Nalugo and MacLeod, {Ewan T} and Welburn, {Susan C}",

year = "2021",

month = dec,

day = "9",

doi = "10.3389/fpubh.2021.590458",

language = "English",

volume = "9",

journal = "Frontiers in public health",

issn = "2296-2565",

publisher = "Frontiers Media S.A.",

}

Archibong, V, Usman, IM, Kasozi, K, Aigbogun, EO, Ifie, J, Lemuel, AM, Ssebuufu, R, Chekwech, G, Terkimbi, SD, Owoisinke, O, Mbiydzenyuy, NE, Adeoye, A, Aruwa, JO, Afodun, AM, Odoma, S, Ssempijja, F, Ayikobua, ET, Ayuba, JT, Nankya, V, Onongha, C, Henry, S, Matama, K, Yusuf, H, Nalugo, H, MacLeod, ET & Welburn, SC 2021, 'Anxiety, Anger and Depression Amongst Low-Income Earners in Southwestern Uganda During the COVID-19 Total Lockdown', Frontiers in public health, vol. 9, 590458. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.590458

TY - JOUR

T1 - Anxiety, Anger and Depression Amongst Low-Income Earners in Southwestern Uganda During the COVID-19 Total Lockdown

AU - Archibong, Victor

AU - Usman, Ibe Michael

AU - Kasozi, Keneth

AU - Aigbogun, Eric Osamudiamwen

AU - Ifie, Josiah

AU - Lemuel, Ann Monima

AU - Ssebuufu, Robinson

AU - Chekwech, Gaudencia

AU - Terkimbi, Swase Dominic

AU - Owoisinke, Okon

AU - Mbiydzenyuy, Ngala Elvis

AU - Adeoye, Azeez

AU - Aruwa, Joshua Ojodale

AU - Afodun, Adam Moyosore

AU - Odoma, Saidi

AU - Ssempijja, Fred

AU - Ayikobua, Emmanuel Tiyo

AU - Ayuba, John Tabakwot

AU - Nankya, Viola

AU - Onongha, Comfort

AU - Henry, Sussan

AU - Matama, Kevin

AU - Yusuf, Helen

AU - Nalugo, Halima

AU - MacLeod, Ewan T

AU - Welburn, Susan C

PY - 2021/12/9

Y1 - 2021/12/9

N2 - Background: Low-income earners are particularly vulnerable to mental health, consequence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown restrictions, due to a temporary or permanent loss of income and livelihood, coupled with government-enforced measures of social distancing. This study evaluates the mental health status among low-income earners in southwestern Uganda during the first total COVID-19 lockdown in Uganda.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken amongst earners whose income falls below the poverty threshold. Two hundred and fifty-three (n = 253) male and female low-income earners between the ages of 18 and 60 years of age were recruited to the study. Modified generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) tools as appropriate were used to assess anxiety, anger, and depression respectively among our respondents.Results: Severe anxiety (68.8%) followed by moderate depression (60.5%) and moderate anger (56.9%) were the most common mental health challenges experienced by low-income earners in Bushenyi district. Awareness of mental healthcare increased with the age of respondents in both males and females. A linear relationship was observed with age and depression (r = 0.154, P = 0.014) while positive correlations were observed between anxiety and anger (r = 0.254, P < 0.001); anxiety and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015) and anger and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015).Conclusion: The study shows the importance of mental health awareness in low resource settings during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Females were identified as persons at risk to mental depression, while anger was highest amongst young males.

AB - Background: Low-income earners are particularly vulnerable to mental health, consequence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown restrictions, due to a temporary or permanent loss of income and livelihood, coupled with government-enforced measures of social distancing. This study evaluates the mental health status among low-income earners in southwestern Uganda during the first total COVID-19 lockdown in Uganda.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken amongst earners whose income falls below the poverty threshold. Two hundred and fifty-three (n = 253) male and female low-income earners between the ages of 18 and 60 years of age were recruited to the study. Modified generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) tools as appropriate were used to assess anxiety, anger, and depression respectively among our respondents.Results: Severe anxiety (68.8%) followed by moderate depression (60.5%) and moderate anger (56.9%) were the most common mental health challenges experienced by low-income earners in Bushenyi district. Awareness of mental healthcare increased with the age of respondents in both males and females. A linear relationship was observed with age and depression (r = 0.154, P = 0.014) while positive correlations were observed between anxiety and anger (r = 0.254, P < 0.001); anxiety and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015) and anger and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015).Conclusion: The study shows the importance of mental health awareness in low resource settings during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Females were identified as persons at risk to mental depression, while anger was highest amongst young males.

U2 - 10.3389/fpubh.2021.590458

DO - 10.3389/fpubh.2021.590458

M3 - Article

VL - 9

JO - Frontiers in public health

JF - Frontiers in public health

SN - 2296-2565

M1 - 590458

ER -

Anxiety, Anger and Depression Amongst Low-Income Earners in Southwestern Uganda During the COVID-19 Total Lockdown

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