Apolipoprotein E controls the development of monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages upon pulmonary inflammatory adaptation

The lung is constantly exposed to the outside world and optimal adaptation of immune responses is crucial for efficient pathogen clearance. However, mechanisms that lead to lung-associated macrophages' functional and developmental adaptation remain elusive. To reveal such mechanisms, we developed a reductionist model of environmental intranasal β-glucan exposure, allowing for the detailed interrogation of molecular mechanisms of pulmonary macrophage adaptation. Employing single-cell transcriptomics, high-dimensional imaging and flow cytometric characterization paired with in vivo and ex vivo challenge models, we reveal that pulmonary low-grade inflammation results in the development of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-dependent monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages (ApoE +CD11b + AMs). ApoE +CD11b + AMs expressed high levels of CD11b, ApoE, Gpnmb and Ccl6, were glycolytic, highly phagocytic and produced large amounts of interleukin-6 upon restimulation. Functional differences were cell intrinsic, and myeloid cell-specific ApoE ablation inhibited Ly6c + monocyte to ApoE +CD11b + AM differentiation dependent on macrophage colony-stimulating factor secretion, promoting ApoE +CD11b + AM cell death and thus impeding ApoE +CD11b + AM maintenance. In vivo, β-glucan-elicited ApoE +CD11b + AMs limited the bacterial burden of Legionella pneumophilia after infection and improved the disease outcome in vivo and ex vivo in a murine lung fibrosis model. Collectively these data identify ApoE +CD11b + AMs generated upon environmental cues, under the control of ApoE signaling, as an essential determinant for lung adaptation enhancing tissue resilience.