Chronic kidney disease presenting acutely: presentation, clinical features and outcome of patients with irreversible chronic kidney disease who require dialysis immediately

Patients with irreversible chronic kidney disease who require dialysis immediately are a subset of ultra late referrals for whom the term chronic kidney disease presenting acutely might usefully be applied. Although well known to nephrologists and recognised as a specific group with considerable problems, little has been written about them. Objective: To describe the presentation, clinical features and outcome of irreversible chronic kidney disease presenting acutely, with particular reference to nausea and vomiting as presenting symptoms.