Cognitive advantages of immersion education after 1 year: Effects of amount of exposure

Previous studies with bilingual children have shown that the nature of their L2 instruction has an effect on the development of their cognitive abilities. The aim of this study was to determine whether children who acquire a second language in two different immersion programs for a period of one year show advantages in executive functions and to examine how the amount of daily exposure affects executive functions. A group of Serbian-speaking second grade children exposed to the second language for five hours a day (high exposure group, HEG), and a low exposure group (LEG) exposed to the second language for one and a half hours a day were compared to an age-matched control group (CG) of monolingual peers on working memory, inhibition and shifting. Significant group differences were found for working memory, with the HEG performing better than the CG and the LEG, even after controlling for individual differences in terms of age and intelligence. The three groups did not differ in terms of inhibition and overall shifting abilities, although the control group had a marginally significant advantage on one of the two shifting tasks. Our findings extend previous research by demonstrating that the amount of daily exposure is a significant factor affecting executive functions in early immersion programs for second language acquisition. Additionally, they show that early intensive second language acquisition can be advantageous for performance on tasks that require a higher level of executive control.