Decarbonising non-domestic buildings at scale − A systematic review

The imperative for decarbonization demands the swift realization of net-zero buildings by 2050. Significant efforts have been directed at new buildings but, looking ahead, there is a need to shift towards whole-life management given buildings’ extensive lifetimes. With this objective in mind, this paper delves into scalable strategies for decarbonizing building stocks by conducting a systematic literature review concentrated on the in-use life cycle stage of buildings. Its scope is non-domestic building portfolios, a complex, under-researched stock that features dedicated teams overseeing their maintenance and operation – a management approach ideally placed to address sustainability challenges. Recent literature is analysed according to assessment of building portfolios, intervention types, and roll-out mechanisms. This is then complemented with non-academic literature and governmental initiatives worldwide. Findings highlight challenges in understanding the performance of buildings in sufficient detail to inform effective retrofit planning and financing interventions. Fabric-first approaches, while desirable for their multiple benefits beyond reduced environmental impacts, do not necessarily arise as the most economically competitive measures. In contrast, just understanding and optimising energy use is reported to deliver 20% energy savings cost-effectively. Overall, findings highlight challenges and opportunities associated with proactive management of buildings alongside areas for future research.