@article{53e94f49e06f4e278517fbbf2eda358e,
title = "Disrupted Peyer{\textquoteright}s Patch Microanatomy in COVID-19 Including Germinal Centre Atrophy Independent of Local Virus",
abstract = "Confirmed SARS-coronavirus-2 infection with gastrointestinal symptoms and changes in microbiota associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity have been previously reported, but the disease impact on the architecture and cellularity of ileal Peyer{\textquoteright}s patches (PP) remains unknown. Here we analysed post-mortem tissues from throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of patients who died with COVID-19. When virus was detected by PCR in the GI tract, immunohistochemistry identified virus in epithelium and lamina propria macrophages, but not in lymphoid tissues. Immunohistochemistry and imaging mass cytometry (IMC) analysis of ileal PP revealed depletion of germinal centres (GC), disruption of B cell/T cell zonation and decreased potential B and T cell interaction and lower nuclear density in COVID-19 patients. This occurred independent of the local viral levels. The changes in PP demonstrate that the ability to mount an intestinal immune response is compromised in severe COVID-19, which could contribute to observed dysbiosis.",
author = "Trevelin, {Silvia C.} and Suzanne Pickering and Katrina Todd and Cynthia Bishop and Michael Pitcher and {Garrido Mesa}, Jose and Lucia Montorsi and Filomena Spada and Nedyalko Petrov and Anna Green and Manu Shankar-Hari and Neil, {Stuart J.D.} and Jo Spencer",
note = "Funding Information: Human samples used in this research project were obtained from the Imperial College Healthcare Tissue Bank (ICHTB). ICHTB is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College London. ICHTB is approved by Wales REC3 to release human material for research (17/WA/0161), and the samples for this project (give approved project number R20044) were issued from sub-collection reference number MED_MO_20_011: Covid 19 Post Mortem Research. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Funding Information: This study was supported by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) via the UK Coronavirus Immunology Consortium (Medical Research Council (MRC) grant number MR/V028448/1). This research was also funded/supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy{\textquoteright}s and St Thomas{\textquoteright} NHS Foundation Trust and King{\textquoteright}s College London and/or the NIHR Clinical Research Facility. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. Funding Information: We thank Professor Matthew Brown for his intellectual input and for allowing us to use his laboratory facilities. We also acknowledge Kishan Joshi for supporting the acquisition of samples studied. Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2022 Trevelin, Pickering, Todd, Bishop, Pitcher, Garrido Mesa, Montorsi, Spada, Petrov, Green, Shankar-Hari, Neil and Spencer.",
year = "2022",
month = feb,
day = "17",
doi = "10.3389/fimmu.2022.838328",
language = "Undefined/Unknown",
volume = "13",
journal = "Frontiers in Immunology",
issn = "1664-3224",
publisher = "Frontiers Media SA",
}