Disruption of SATB2 or its long-range cis-regulation by SOX9 causes a syndromic form of Pierre Robin Sequence

Jacqueline K Rainger, Shipra Bhatia, Hemant Bengani, Philippe Gautier, Joe Rainger, Matt Pearson, Morad Ansari, Jayne Crow, Felicity Mehendale, Bozena Palinkasova, Michael J Dixon, Pamela J Thompson, Mar Matarin, Sanjay M Sisodiya, Dirk A Kleinjan, David R Fitzpatrick*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Heterozygous loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in the gene encoding the DNA-binding protein, SATB2, result in micrognathia and cleft palate in both humans and mice. In three unrelated individuals we show that translocation breakpoints (BP) up to 896 kb 3' of SATB2 polyadenylation site cause a phenotype which is indistinguishable from that caused by SATB2 LOF mutations. This syndrome comprises; long nose, small mouth, micrognathia, cleft palate, arachnodactyly and intellectual disability. These BPs map to a gene desert between PLCL1 and SATB2. We identified three putative cis-regulatory elements (CRE1-3) using a comparative genomic approach each of which would be placed in trans relative to SATB2 by all three breakpoints. CRE1-3 each bind p300 and mono-methylated H3K4 (H3K4me1) consistent with enhancer function. In silico analysis suggested that CRE1-3 contain one or more conserved SOX9-binding sites and this binding was confirmed using chromatin immuno-precipitation on cells derived from mouse embryonic pharyngeal arch. Interphase BAC FISH measurements in embryonic craniofacial tissues showed that the orthologous region in mice exhibits Satb2 expression-dependent chromatin decondensation consistent with Satb2 being a target gene of CRE1-3. To assess their in vivo function we made multiple stable reporter transgenic lines for each enhancer in zebrafish. CRE2 was shown to drive SATB2-like expression in the embryonic craniofacial region. This expression could be eliminated by mutating the SOX9 binding site of CRE2. These observations suggest that SATB2 and SOX9 may be acting together via complex cis-regulation to coordinate the growth of the developing jaw.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)2569–2579
JournalHuman Molecular Genetics
Volume23
Issue number10
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 20 Dec 2013

Access to Document

  • Hum. Mol. Genet.-2013-Rainger-hmg-ddt647

    © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Final published version, 1.15 MBLicence: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC-BY)

    Fingerprint

    Dive into the research topics of 'Disruption of SATB2 or its long-range cis-regulation by SOX9 causes a syndromic form of Pierre Robin Sequence'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
    View full fingerprint

    • CROATIA PROGRAMME

      Wright, A. (Principal Investigator), Adams, I. (Co-investigator), Aligianis, I. (Co-investigator), Baldock, R. (Co-investigator), Bickmore, W. (Co-investigator), Caceres, J. (Co-investigator), Dorin, J. (Co-investigator), Dunlop, M. (Co-investigator), FitzPatrick, D. (Co-investigator), Haley, C. (Co-investigator), Hastie, N. (Co-investigator), Hill, B. (Co-investigator), Jackson, I. (Co-investigator), Jackson, A. (Co-investigator), Kudla, G. (Co-investigator), Meehan, R. (Co-investigator), O'Connell, M. (Co-investigator), Overton, I. (Co-investigator), Patton, E. (Co-investigator), Taylor, M. (Co-investigator), Tenesa, A. (Co-investigator) & Van Heyningen, V. (Co-investigator)

      MRC

      1/04/12 → 31/07/13

      Project: Research

    Cite this