Dynamical relevance of periodic orbits under increasing Reynolds number and connections to inviscid dynamics

Large numbers of relative periodic orbits (RPOs) have been found recently in doubly periodic, two-dimensional Kolmogorov flow at moderate Reynolds numbers. While these solutions lead to robust statistical reconstructions at the values where they were obtained, it is unclear how their dynamical importance changes with. Arclength continuation on this library of solutions reveals that large numbers of RPOs quickly become dynamically irrelevant, reaching dissipation values either much larger or smaller than the values typical of the turbulent attractor at high. The scaling of the high-dissipation RPOs is shown to be consistent with a direct connection to solutions of the unforced Euler equation, and is observed for a wide variety of states beyond the 'unimodal' solutions considered in previous work (Kim- & Okamoto, Nonlinearity vol. 28, 2015, p. 3219). However, the weakly dissipative states have properties indicating a connection to exact solutions of a forced Euler equation. The dynamical irrelevance of many solutions leads to poor statistical reconstruction at higher, raising serious questions for the future use of RPOs for estimating probability densities. Motivated by the Euler connection of some of our RPOs, we also show that many of these states can be well described by exact relative periodic solutions in a system of point vortices. The point vortex RPOs are converged via gradient-based optimisation of a scalar loss function which (i) matches the dynamics of the point vortices to the turbulent vortex cores and (ii) insists the point vortex evolution is itself time-periodic.