Early Experiences of Integrating an Artificial Intelligence-Based Diagnostic Decision Support System into Radiology Settings: A Qualitative Study

Artificial Intelligence (AI) based clinical decision support systems to aid diagnosis are increasingly being developed and implemented but with limited understanding of how such systems integrate with existing clinical work and organizational practices. We explored the early experiences of stakeholders using an AI-based e-learning imaging software tool Veye Lung Nodules (VLN) aiding the detection, classification, and measurement of pulmonary nodules in computed tomography scans of the chest. We performed semi-structured interviews and observations across early adopter deployment sites with clinicians, strategic decision-makers, suppliers, patients with long-term chest conditions, and academics with expertise in the use of diagnostic AI in radiology settings. We coded the data using the Technology, People, Organizations and Macro-environmental factors framework (TPOM). We conducted 39 interviews. Clinicians reported VLN to be easy to use with little disruption to the workflow. There were differences in patterns of use between experts and novice users with experts critically evaluating system recommendations and actively compensating for system limitations to achieve more reliable performance. Patients also viewed the tool positively. There were contextual variations in tool performance and use between different hospital sites and different use cases. Implementation challenges included integration with existing information systems, data protection, and perceived issues surrounding wider and sustained adoption, including procurement costs. Tool performance was variable, affected by integration into workflows and divisions of labor and knowledge, as well as technical configuration and infrastructure. These under-researched factors require attention and further research.