Efficiency of thermoremanent magnetization acquisition in vortex-state particle assemblies

Magmatic rocks record ambient magnetic fields during cooling, preserving them for billions of years through thermoremanent magnetization (TRM). TRM accuracy depends on particle size, shape, magnetic properties, and the number of particles available to record the field. While traditionally interpreted via Neél's single-domain theory, most particles exist in a vortex state, where complex magnetic structures require numerical modeling. We show that in fields (Formula presented.), a few thousand nanoscopic vortex-state particles can record TRM with less than 1 (Formula presented.) error, regardless of shape. For weaker fields, morphology plays a crucial role, with spherical and oblate particles performing best. These findings challenge assumptions about particle requirements for faithful TRM recording and highlight the influence of grain shape in paleomagnetic studies. Our results justify using smaller geological samples and magnetic microscopy to reconstruct ancient magnetic fields with precision.