TY - JOUR
T1 - Fish Erythrocyte Extracellular Traps (FEETs) are an evolutionary conserved cellular process triggered by different stimuli
AU - Rinaldi, Giulia
AU - Álvarez De Haro, Neila
AU - Fernando, Anuruddika J
AU - Desbois, Andrew P
AU - Robb, Calum
AU - Rossi, Adriano G
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank all the staff of the aquatic facility at the Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh for their help in fish maintenance, especially Dr Carl Tucker. In addition, the authors would like to thank the staff of the Niall Bromage Freshwater Research Unit (University of Stirling) for providing technical assistance and care for the Atlantic salmon stocks. We thank Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK/Medical Research CouncilUK(EPSRC/MRC) Centre for Doctoral Training in Optical Medical Imaging, OPTIMA (EP/L016559/1) for funding GR, the Medical Research Council UK (MRC/K013386/1) for funding CTR and AGR. NAdH, APD and AGR were funded in part by a grant awarded to APD and AGR equally by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council UK (BBSRC) and Natural Environment Research Council UK (NERC) under the Sustainable Aquaculture Initiative (grant reference: BBM026132/1). AGR was also part funded by an Antimicrobial Resistance UK (AMR) cross-council funding from the MRC to the SHIELD consortium MRNO2995X/1.
Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank all the staff of the aquatic facility at the Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh for their help in fish maintenance, especially Dr Carl Tucker. In addition, the authors would like to thank the staff of the Niall Bromage Freshwater Research Unit (University of Stirling) for providing technical assistance and care for the Atlantic salmon stocks. We thank Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK /Medical Research CouncilUK(EPSRC/MRC) Centre for Doctoral Training in Optical Medical Imaging, OPTIMA ( EP/L016559/1 ) for funding GR, the Medical Research Council UK ( MRC/K013386/1 ) for funding CTR and AGR. NAdH, APD and AGR were funded in part by a grant awarded to APD and AGR equally by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council UK (BBSRC) and Natural Environment Research Council UK (NERC) under the Sustainable Aquaculture Initiative (grant reference: BBM026132/1 ). AGR was also part funded by an Antimicrobial Resistance UK (AMR) cross-council funding from the MRC to the SHIELD consortium MRNO2995X/1 .
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023
PY - 2023/2/24
Y1 - 2023/2/24
N2 - Fish erythrocytes remain nucleated, unlike mammalian erythrocytes that undergo enucleation during maturation. Besides oxygen transport, fish erythrocytes are capable of several immune defence processes and thus these cells are candidates for carrying out ETotic responses. ETosis is an evolutionary conserved innate immune defence process found in both vertebrates and invertebrates, which involves the extrusion of DNA studded with antimicrobial effector proteins into the extracellular space that traps and kills microorganisms. In this present report, we demonstrate that erythrocytes from Danio rerio (zebrafish) produce ETotic-like responses when exposed to both chemical and physiological inducers of ETosis. Furthermore, erythrocytes from Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) behaved in a similar way. We have termed these ET-like formations, as Fish Erythrocyte Extracellular Traps (FEETs). Several inducers of mammalian NETosis, such as the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) and the calcium ionophore ionomycin, induced FEETs. Moreover, we found that FEETs depend on the activation of PKC and generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS). This present report is the first demonstration that fish erythrocytes can exhibit ETotic-like responses, unveiling a previously unknown function, which sheds new light on the innate immune arsenal of these cells.
AB - Fish erythrocytes remain nucleated, unlike mammalian erythrocytes that undergo enucleation during maturation. Besides oxygen transport, fish erythrocytes are capable of several immune defence processes and thus these cells are candidates for carrying out ETotic responses. ETosis is an evolutionary conserved innate immune defence process found in both vertebrates and invertebrates, which involves the extrusion of DNA studded with antimicrobial effector proteins into the extracellular space that traps and kills microorganisms. In this present report, we demonstrate that erythrocytes from Danio rerio (zebrafish) produce ETotic-like responses when exposed to both chemical and physiological inducers of ETosis. Furthermore, erythrocytes from Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) behaved in a similar way. We have termed these ET-like formations, as Fish Erythrocyte Extracellular Traps (FEETs). Several inducers of mammalian NETosis, such as the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) and the calcium ionophore ionomycin, induced FEETs. Moreover, we found that FEETs depend on the activation of PKC and generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS). This present report is the first demonstration that fish erythrocytes can exhibit ETotic-like responses, unveiling a previously unknown function, which sheds new light on the innate immune arsenal of these cells.
U2 - 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108638
DO - 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108638
M3 - Article
SN - 1050-4648
JO - Fish and Shellfish Immunology
JF - Fish and Shellfish Immunology
ER -