Food systems as drivers of optimal nutrition and health – Complexities and opportunities for research and implementation

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are intricately linked to food systems. Addressing challenges in food systems is key to meeting the SDGs in Africa and South Asia, where undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies persist, alongside increased nutrition transition, overweight and obesity and related chronic diseases. Sub-optimal diets are a key risk factor for mortality and 3 billion people cannot afford a healthy diet; and, food systems are not prioritizing environmental sustainability. Optimizing food systems and increasing agricultural productivity of nutrient-rich vegetables and fruits, legumes, livestock and fish sustainably is required. Strengthening of research around food systems – on pathways, value chains, and development and validation of metrics of diet quality is required. The development of new technology in crop management, pest control and addressing natural resource degradation is key. Engaging with the public and private sectors, outreach to donors and policy-makers, and strengthening cross-disciplinary collaborations is imperative to improve food systems.