Abstract
Background and Aims
The non‐medical use of over‐the‐counter or prescribed analgesics (NMUA) is a significant public health problem. Little is known about the genetic and environmental etiology of NMUA and how these risks relate to other classes of substance use and misuse. Our aims were to estimate the heritability NMUA and sources of genetic and environmental covariance with cannabis and nicotine use, cannabis and alcohol use disorders and nicotine dependence in Australian twins.
Design
Biometrical genetic analyses or twin methods using structural equation univariate and multivariate modeling.
Setting
Australia.
Participants
A total of 2007 young adult twins [66% female; μage = 25.9, standard deviation (SD) = 3.6, range = 18–38] from the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study retrospectively assessed between 2009 and 2016.
Measurements
Self‐reported NMUA (non‐opioid or opioid‐based), life‐time nicotine, cannabis and opioid use, DSM‐V cannabis and alcohol use disorders and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence.
Findings
Life‐time NMUA was reported by 19.4% of the sample. Univariate heritability explained 46% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.29–0.57] of the risks in NMUA. Multivariate analyses revealed that NMUA is moderately associated genetically with cannabis (rg = 0.41) and nicotine (rg = 0.45) use and nicotine dependence (rg = 0.34). In contrast, the genetic correlations with cannabis (rg = 0.15) and alcohol (rg = 0.07) use disorders are weak.
Conclusions
In young male and female adults in Australia, the non‐medical use of over‐the‐counter or prescribed analgesics appears to have moderate heritability. NMUA is moderately associated with cannabis and nicotine use and nicotine dependence. Its genetic etiology is largely distinct from that of cannabis and alcohol use disorders.
The non‐medical use of over‐the‐counter or prescribed analgesics (NMUA) is a significant public health problem. Little is known about the genetic and environmental etiology of NMUA and how these risks relate to other classes of substance use and misuse. Our aims were to estimate the heritability NMUA and sources of genetic and environmental covariance with cannabis and nicotine use, cannabis and alcohol use disorders and nicotine dependence in Australian twins.
Design
Biometrical genetic analyses or twin methods using structural equation univariate and multivariate modeling.
Setting
Australia.
Participants
A total of 2007 young adult twins [66% female; μage = 25.9, standard deviation (SD) = 3.6, range = 18–38] from the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study retrospectively assessed between 2009 and 2016.
Measurements
Self‐reported NMUA (non‐opioid or opioid‐based), life‐time nicotine, cannabis and opioid use, DSM‐V cannabis and alcohol use disorders and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence.
Findings
Life‐time NMUA was reported by 19.4% of the sample. Univariate heritability explained 46% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.29–0.57] of the risks in NMUA. Multivariate analyses revealed that NMUA is moderately associated genetically with cannabis (rg = 0.41) and nicotine (rg = 0.45) use and nicotine dependence (rg = 0.34). In contrast, the genetic correlations with cannabis (rg = 0.15) and alcohol (rg = 0.07) use disorders are weak.
Conclusions
In young male and female adults in Australia, the non‐medical use of over‐the‐counter or prescribed analgesics appears to have moderate heritability. NMUA is moderately associated with cannabis and nicotine use and nicotine dependence. Its genetic etiology is largely distinct from that of cannabis and alcohol use disorders.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal | Addiction |
| Early online date | 16 Aug 2019 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | E-pub ahead of print - 16 Aug 2019 |
Keywords
- comorbidity
- gene
- non-medical use
- over-the-counter
- prescribed analgesics
- substance use
- twin