TY - JOUR
T1 - Genetic diversity and structure of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) in Pakistan
T2 - Implications for conservation
AU - Magige, Ephie A.
AU - Fan, Peng-Zhen
AU - Wambulwa, Moses C.
AU - Milne, Richard
AU - Wu, Zeng-Yuan
AU - Luo, Ya-Huang
AU - Khan, Raees
AU - Wu, Hong-Yu
AU - Qi, Hai-Ling
AU - Zhu, Guang-Fu
AU - Maity, Debabrata
AU - Khan, Ikramullah
AU - Gao, Lian-Ming
AU - Liu, Jie
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32170398, 31770367, 41971071), Top‐notch Young Talents Project of Yunnan Provincial “Ten Thousand Talents Program” (YNWR‐QNBJ‐2018‐146), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (ZDBS‐ LY‐7001), CAS ʺLight of West Chinaʺ Program, and Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan (202201AT070222). Zeng‐Yuan Wu was supported by CAS’ Youth Innovation Promotion Associa‐ tion (2019385), and Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ‐BRP‐017‐XX). Moses C. Wambulwa was sup‐ ported by the Postdoctoral International Exchange Program of the Office of China Postdoctoral Council, the Postdoctoral Targeted Funding and Postdoctoral Research Fund of Yunnan Province. Molecular experiments were performed at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Funding Information:
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32170398, 31770367, 41971071), Top-notch Young Talents Project of Yunnan Provincial “Ten Thousand Talents Program” (YNWR-QNBJ-2018-146), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (ZDBS- LY-7001), CAS ʺLight of West Chinaʺ Program, and Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan (202201AT070222). Zeng-Yuan Wu was supported by CAS’ Youth Innovation Promotion Association (2019385), and Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-BRP-017-XX). Moses C. Wambulwa was supported by the Postdoctoral International Exchange Program of the Office of China Postdoctoral Council, the Postdoctoral Targeted Funding and Postdoctoral Research Fund of Yunnan Province. Molecular experiments were performed at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Acknowledgments: We are grateful to Zuo-Ying Xiahou, Ye-Chuan Jin, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Muhammad Kamil and Ying Chen for field sampling and lab work.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/6/22
Y1 - 2022/6/22
N2 - Persian (Common) walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a famous fruit tree species valued for its nutritious nuts and high-quality wood. Although walnut is widely distributed and plays an important role in the economy and culture of Pakistan, the genetic diversity and structure of its populations in the country remains poorly understood. Therefore, using 31 nuclear microsatellites, we assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of 12 walnut populations sampled across Pakistan. We also implemented the geostatistical IDW technique in ArcGIS to reveal “hotspots” of genetic diversity. Generally, the studied populations registered relatively low indices of genetic diversity (NA = 3.839, HO = 0.558, UHE = 0.580), and eight populations had positive inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values. Low among-population differentiation was indicated by AMOVA, pairwise FST and DC. STRUCTURE, PCoA and neighbor joining (NJ) analysis revealed a general lack of clear clustering in the populations except that one population in Upper Dir was clearly genetically distinct from the rest. Furthermore, the Mantel test showed no correlation between the geographic and genetic distance (r = 0.14, p = 0.22), while barrier analysis suggested three statistically significant genetic barriers. Finally, the spatial interpolation results indicated that populations in Ziarat, Kashmir, Dir, Swat, Chitral, and upper Dir had high intrapopulation genetic diversity, suggesting the need to conserve populations in those areas. The results from this study will be important for future breeding improvement and conservation of walnuts in Pakistan
AB - Persian (Common) walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a famous fruit tree species valued for its nutritious nuts and high-quality wood. Although walnut is widely distributed and plays an important role in the economy and culture of Pakistan, the genetic diversity and structure of its populations in the country remains poorly understood. Therefore, using 31 nuclear microsatellites, we assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of 12 walnut populations sampled across Pakistan. We also implemented the geostatistical IDW technique in ArcGIS to reveal “hotspots” of genetic diversity. Generally, the studied populations registered relatively low indices of genetic diversity (NA = 3.839, HO = 0.558, UHE = 0.580), and eight populations had positive inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values. Low among-population differentiation was indicated by AMOVA, pairwise FST and DC. STRUCTURE, PCoA and neighbor joining (NJ) analysis revealed a general lack of clear clustering in the populations except that one population in Upper Dir was clearly genetically distinct from the rest. Furthermore, the Mantel test showed no correlation between the geographic and genetic distance (r = 0.14, p = 0.22), while barrier analysis suggested three statistically significant genetic barriers. Finally, the spatial interpolation results indicated that populations in Ziarat, Kashmir, Dir, Swat, Chitral, and upper Dir had high intrapopulation genetic diversity, suggesting the need to conserve populations in those areas. The results from this study will be important for future breeding improvement and conservation of walnuts in Pakistan
KW - microsatellite
KW - juglans regia
KW - genetic diversity
KW - genetic structure
KW - conservation
KW - Pakistan
U2 - 10.3390/plants11131652
DO - 10.3390/plants11131652
M3 - Article
SN - 2223-7747
VL - 11
JO - Plants
JF - Plants
IS - 13
M1 - 1652
ER -