TY - JOUR
T1 - Health service costs and their association with functional impairment among adults receiving integrated mental health care in five low- And middle-income countries- And PRIME cohort study
T2 - the PRIME cohort study
AU - Chisholm, Dan
AU - Garman, Emily
AU - Breuer, Erica
AU - Fekadu, Abebaw
AU - Hanlon, Charlotte
AU - Jordans, Mark
AU - Kathree, Tasneem
AU - Kigozi, Fred
AU - Luitel, Nagendra
AU - Medhin, Girmay
AU - Murhar, Vaibhav
AU - Petersen, Inge
AU - Rathod, Sujit D
AU - Shidhaye, Rahul
AU - Ssebunnya, Joshua
AU - Patel, Vikram
AU - Lund, Crick
N1 - © World Health Organization 2020. All rights reserved. The World Health Organization has granted the Publisher permission for the reproduction of this article.
PY - 2020/3/9
Y1 - 2020/3/9
N2 - This study examines the level and distribution of service costs-and their association with functional impairment at baseline and over time-for persons with mental disorder receiving integrated primary mental health care. The study was conducted over a 12-month follow-up period in five low- and middle-income countries participating in the Programme for Improving Mental health carE study (Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South Africa and Uganda). Data were drawn from a multi-country intervention cohort study, made up of adults identified by primary care providers as having alcohol use disorders, depression, psychosis and, in the three low-income countries, epilepsy. Health service, travel and time costs, including any out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures by households, were calculated (in US dollars for the year 2015) and assessed at baseline as well as prospectively using linear regression for their association with functional impairment. Cohort samples were characterized by low levels of educational attainment (Ethiopia and Uganda) and/or high levels of unemployment (Nepal, South Africa and Uganda). Total health service costs per case for the 3 months preceding baseline assessment averaged more than US$20 in South Africa, $10 in Nepal and US$3-7 in Ethiopia, India and Uganda; OOP expenditures ranged from $2 per case in India to $16 in Ethiopia. Higher service costs and OOP expenditure were found to be associated with greater functional impairment in all five sites, but differences only reached statistical significance in Ethiopia and India for service costs and India and Uganda for OOP expenditure. At the 12-month assessment, following initiation of treatment, service costs and OOP expenditure were found to be lower in Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda, but higher in India and Nepal. There was a pattern of greater reduction in service costs and OOP spending for those whose functional status had improved in all five sites, but this was only statistically significant in Nepal.
AB - This study examines the level and distribution of service costs-and their association with functional impairment at baseline and over time-for persons with mental disorder receiving integrated primary mental health care. The study was conducted over a 12-month follow-up period in five low- and middle-income countries participating in the Programme for Improving Mental health carE study (Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South Africa and Uganda). Data were drawn from a multi-country intervention cohort study, made up of adults identified by primary care providers as having alcohol use disorders, depression, psychosis and, in the three low-income countries, epilepsy. Health service, travel and time costs, including any out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures by households, were calculated (in US dollars for the year 2015) and assessed at baseline as well as prospectively using linear regression for their association with functional impairment. Cohort samples were characterized by low levels of educational attainment (Ethiopia and Uganda) and/or high levels of unemployment (Nepal, South Africa and Uganda). Total health service costs per case for the 3 months preceding baseline assessment averaged more than US$20 in South Africa, $10 in Nepal and US$3-7 in Ethiopia, India and Uganda; OOP expenditures ranged from $2 per case in India to $16 in Ethiopia. Higher service costs and OOP expenditure were found to be associated with greater functional impairment in all five sites, but differences only reached statistical significance in Ethiopia and India for service costs and India and Uganda for OOP expenditure. At the 12-month assessment, following initiation of treatment, service costs and OOP expenditure were found to be lower in Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda, but higher in India and Nepal. There was a pattern of greater reduction in service costs and OOP spending for those whose functional status had improved in all five sites, but this was only statistically significant in Nepal.
KW - Mental health care
KW - low- and middle-income countries
KW - service costs
U2 - 10.1093/heapol/czz182
DO - 10.1093/heapol/czz182
M3 - Article
SN - 0268-1080
VL - 35
SP - 567
EP - 576
JO - Health Policy and Planning
JF - Health Policy and Planning
IS - 5
ER -