Hybrid silver–iron oxide nanoflowers: morphological tailoring, application as CT agents, and exploitation of induced apoptosis in glioblastoma treatment

The ability of cancer to develop drug-resistance, in parallel with the undesired effects of chemotherapy, has led to the development of safe nanoparticles characterized by multi-sensitivity. Herein we focus on the synthesis and exploitation of the synthetic route of hybrid silver–iron oxide Nfs and their successful coating with citrate. The parameters of the synthetic route affecting the uniform formation of the Nfs are investigated to optimize the experimental route and the attained Nfs. Most importantly, the study focuses on the evaluation of the Nfs as theranostic agents in the case of glioblastoma. The results suggest that the Nfs are good candidates for CT contrast agents, as the contrast is enhanced after treatment. The in vitro evaluation shows that the Nfs exhibit cytotoxicity towards glioblastoma cells, whereas no significant toxicity towards red blood cells is reported. Finally, internalization studies provide insight information that helps unveil the exact mechanism of action of the Nfs.