Introducing blood flow in kidney explants by engraftment onto the chick chorioallantoic membrane is not sufficient to induce arterial smooth muscle cell development

Kidney explant cultures are an important tool to gain insights into developmental processes, insights that can be used to develop strategies for engineering kidneys from stem cells. However, explants are not connected to a perfused vascular system. This limits their survival and limits physiological studies, for example of blood filtration, the main function of the kidney. Previous studies have shown that grafting kidneys onto avian chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) can establish perfusion and enable glomerular vascularization, but the realism and maturity of the resultant vasculature has not been examined. Here, we show that vasculature of kidney explants grafted onto CAM is very different from natural kidney vasculature, showing excessive growth of endothelial cells, absence of a hierarchical arteriovenous network and no vascular smooth muscle cell recruitment. The model therefore has serious limits.