TY - JOUR
T1 - Introducing pulse oximetry for outpatient management of childhood pneumonia:
T2 - An implementation research adopting a district implementation model in selected rural facilities in Bangladesh
AU - Rahman, Ahmed Ehsanur
AU - Ameen, Shafiqul
AU - Hossain, Aniqa Tasnim
AU - Perkins, Janet
AU - Jabeen, Sabrina
AU - Majid, Tamanna
AU - Uddin, Afm Azim
AU - Shaikh, Md. Ziaul Haque
AU - Islam, Muhammad Shariful
AU - Islam, Md. Jahurul
AU - Ashrafee, Sabina
AU - Md. Shah Alam, Husam
AU - Saberin, Ashfia
AU - Ahmed, Sabbir
AU - Banik, Goutom
AU - Kabir, Anm Ehtesham
AU - Ahmed, Anisuddin
AU - Chisti, Mohammod Jobayer
AU - Cunningham, Steve
AU - Dockrell, David H
AU - Nair, Harish
AU - Arifeen, Shams El
AU - Campbell, Harry
N1 - Funding Information:
SEA and HN from the authors have declared that this research work received grant from NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Respiratory Health (RESPIRE) through the University of Edinburgh, UK, using UK Aid from the UK Government. HN declared receiving grants from innovative Medicine Initiative and WHO in past 36 months; consulting fees from Sanofi Pasteur, WHO and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; and payment or honoraria from AbbVie; and Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board in Janseen, Reviral, AbbVie. All the other authors report no conflicts of interest.
Funding Information:
This research was funded by the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (Global Health Research Unit on Respiratory Health (RESPIRE); 16/136/109) using UK aid from the UK Government to support global health research.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022
PY - 2022/6/28
Y1 - 2022/6/28
N2 - Background: Pulse oximetry has potential for identifying hypoxaemic pneumonia and substantially reducing under-five deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) setting. However, there are few examples of introducing pulse oximetry in resource-constrained paediatric outpatient settings, such as Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) services.Methods: The National IMCI-programme of Bangladesh designed and developed a district implementation model for introducing pulse oximetry in routine IMCI services through stakeholder engagement and demonstrated the model in Kushtia district adopting a health system strengthening approach. Between December 2020 and June 2021, two rounds of assessment were conducted based on WHO's implementation research framework and outcome variables, involving 22 IMCI service-providers and 1680 children presenting with cough/difficulty-in-breathing in 12 health facilities. The data collection procedures included structured-observations, re-assessments, interviews, and data-extraction by trained study personnel.Findings: We observed that IMCI service-providers conducted pulse oximetry assessments on all eligible children in routine outpatient settings, of which 99% of assessments were successful; 85% (95% CI 83,87) in one attempt, and 69% (95% CI 67,71) within one minute. The adherence to standard operating procedure related to pulse oximetry was 92% (95% CI 91,93), and agreement regarding identifying hypoxaemia was 97% (95% CI 96,98). The median performance-time was 36 seconds (IQR 20,75), which was longer among younger children (2-11 months: 44s, IQR 22,78; 12-59 months: 30s, IQR 18,53,
p < 0.01) and among those classified as pneumonia/severe-pneumonia than as no-pneumonia (41s, IQR 22,70; 32s, IQR 20,62,
p < 0.01). We observed improvements in almost all indicators in round-2. IMCI service-providers and caregivers showed positive attitudes towards using this novel technology for assessing their children.
Interpretation: This implementation research study suggested the adoption, feasibility, fidelity, appropriateness, acceptability, and sustainability of pulse oximetry introduction in routine IMCI services in resource-poor settings. The learning may inform the evidence-based scale-up of pulse oximetry linked with an oxygen delivery system in Bangladesh and other LMICs.Funding: This research was funded by the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (Global Health Research Unit on Respiratory Health (RESPIRE); 16/136/109) using UK aid from the UK Government to support global health research.
AB - Background: Pulse oximetry has potential for identifying hypoxaemic pneumonia and substantially reducing under-five deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) setting. However, there are few examples of introducing pulse oximetry in resource-constrained paediatric outpatient settings, such as Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) services.Methods: The National IMCI-programme of Bangladesh designed and developed a district implementation model for introducing pulse oximetry in routine IMCI services through stakeholder engagement and demonstrated the model in Kushtia district adopting a health system strengthening approach. Between December 2020 and June 2021, two rounds of assessment were conducted based on WHO's implementation research framework and outcome variables, involving 22 IMCI service-providers and 1680 children presenting with cough/difficulty-in-breathing in 12 health facilities. The data collection procedures included structured-observations, re-assessments, interviews, and data-extraction by trained study personnel.Findings: We observed that IMCI service-providers conducted pulse oximetry assessments on all eligible children in routine outpatient settings, of which 99% of assessments were successful; 85% (95% CI 83,87) in one attempt, and 69% (95% CI 67,71) within one minute. The adherence to standard operating procedure related to pulse oximetry was 92% (95% CI 91,93), and agreement regarding identifying hypoxaemia was 97% (95% CI 96,98). The median performance-time was 36 seconds (IQR 20,75), which was longer among younger children (2-11 months: 44s, IQR 22,78; 12-59 months: 30s, IQR 18,53,
p < 0.01) and among those classified as pneumonia/severe-pneumonia than as no-pneumonia (41s, IQR 22,70; 32s, IQR 20,62,
p < 0.01). We observed improvements in almost all indicators in round-2. IMCI service-providers and caregivers showed positive attitudes towards using this novel technology for assessing their children.
Interpretation: This implementation research study suggested the adoption, feasibility, fidelity, appropriateness, acceptability, and sustainability of pulse oximetry introduction in routine IMCI services in resource-poor settings. The learning may inform the evidence-based scale-up of pulse oximetry linked with an oxygen delivery system in Bangladesh and other LMICs.Funding: This research was funded by the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (Global Health Research Unit on Respiratory Health (RESPIRE); 16/136/109) using UK aid from the UK Government to support global health research.
KW - Bangladesh
KW - Feasibility
KW - IMCI
KW - Implementation research
KW - Pneumonia
KW - Pulse oximetry
U2 - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101511
DO - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101511
M3 - Article
C2 - 35795715
SN - 2589-5370
VL - 50
JO - EClinicalMedicine
JF - EClinicalMedicine
M1 - 101511
ER -