TY - JOUR
T1 - Kepler-102: Masses and Compositions for a Super-Earth and Sub-Neptune Orbiting an Active Star
AU - Brinkman, Casey
AU - Cadman, James
AU - Weiss, Lauren
AU - Gaidos, Eric
AU - Rice, Ken
AU - Huber, Daniel
AU - Claytor, Zachary R.
AU - Bonomo, Aldo S.
AU - Buchhave, Lars A.
AU - Cameron, Andrew Collier
AU - Cosentino, Rosario
AU - Dumusque, Xavier
AU - Fiorenzano, Aldo F Martinez
AU - Ghedina, Adriano
AU - Harutyunyan, Avet
AU - Howard, Andrew
AU - Isaacson, Howard
AU - Latham, David W.
AU - Lopez-Morales, Mercedes
AU - Malavolta, Luca
AU - Micela, Giuseppina
AU - Molinari, Emilio
AU - Pepe, Francesco
AU - Philips, David F
AU - Poretti, Ennio
AU - Sozzetti, Alessandro
AU - Udry, Stephane
N1 - Accepted to AJ 11/08/2022
Funding Information:
D.H. also acknowledges support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
Funding Information:
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. 1842402.
Funding Information:
C.L.B., L.W., and D.H. acknowledge support from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (grant No. 80NSSC19K0597) issued through the Astrophysics Data Analysis Program.
Funding Information:
The HARPS-N project was funded by the Prodex Program of the Swiss Space Office (SSO), the Harvard University Origin of Life Initiative (HUOLI), the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), the University of Geneva, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), the Italian National Astrophysical Institute (INAF), University of St. Andrews, Queen's University Belfast, and University of Edinburgh. This work has been supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. NNX17AB59G, issued through the Exoplanets Research Program.
Funding Information:
E.G. acknowledges support from NASA grant No. 80NSSC20K0957 (Exoplanets Research Program).
Funding Information:
K.R. acknowledges support from the UK STFC via grant No. ST/V000594/1.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.
PY - 2023/1/27
Y1 - 2023/1/27
N2 - Radial velocity (RV) measurements of transiting multiplanet systems allow usto understand the densities and compositions of planets unlike those in theSolar System. Kepler-102, which consists of 5 tightly packed transitingplanets, is a particularly interesting system since it includes a super-Earth(Kepler-102d) and a sub-Neptune-sized planet (Kepler-102e) for which masses canbe measured using radial velocities. Previous work found a high density forKepler-102d, suggesting a composition similar to that of Mercury, whileKepler-102e was found to have a density typical of sub-Neptune size planets;however, Kepler-102 is an active star, which can interfere with RV massmeasurements. To better measure the mass of these two planets, we obtained 111new RVs using Keck/HIRES and TNG/HARPS-N and modeled Kepler-102's activityusing quasi-periodic Gaussian Process Regression. For Kepler-102d, we report amass upper limit of Md<5.3 M⊕ [95\% confidence], a best-fitmass of Md=2.5 ± 1.4 M⊕, and a density of ρd=5.6± 3.2 g/cm3 which is consistent with a rocky composition similar indensity to the Earth. For Kepler-102e we report a mass of Me=4.7 ± 1.7M⊕ and a density of ρe=1.8 ± 0.7 g/cm3. Thesemeasurements suggest that Kepler-102e has a rocky core with a thick gaseousenvelope comprising 2-4% of the planet mass and 16-50% of its radius. Our studyis yet another demonstration that accounting for stellar activity in stars withclear rotation signals can yield more accurate planet masses, enabling a morerealistic interpretation of planet interiors.
AB - Radial velocity (RV) measurements of transiting multiplanet systems allow usto understand the densities and compositions of planets unlike those in theSolar System. Kepler-102, which consists of 5 tightly packed transitingplanets, is a particularly interesting system since it includes a super-Earth(Kepler-102d) and a sub-Neptune-sized planet (Kepler-102e) for which masses canbe measured using radial velocities. Previous work found a high density forKepler-102d, suggesting a composition similar to that of Mercury, whileKepler-102e was found to have a density typical of sub-Neptune size planets;however, Kepler-102 is an active star, which can interfere with RV massmeasurements. To better measure the mass of these two planets, we obtained 111new RVs using Keck/HIRES and TNG/HARPS-N and modeled Kepler-102's activityusing quasi-periodic Gaussian Process Regression. For Kepler-102d, we report amass upper limit of Md<5.3 M⊕ [95\% confidence], a best-fitmass of Md=2.5 ± 1.4 M⊕, and a density of ρd=5.6± 3.2 g/cm3 which is consistent with a rocky composition similar indensity to the Earth. For Kepler-102e we report a mass of Me=4.7 ± 1.7M⊕ and a density of ρe=1.8 ± 0.7 g/cm3. Thesemeasurements suggest that Kepler-102e has a rocky core with a thick gaseousenvelope comprising 2-4% of the planet mass and 16-50% of its radius. Our studyis yet another demonstration that accounting for stellar activity in stars withclear rotation signals can yield more accurate planet masses, enabling a morerealistic interpretation of planet interiors.
KW - astro-ph.EP
KW - astro-ph.SR
U2 - 10.3847/1538-3881/aca64d
DO - 10.3847/1538-3881/aca64d
M3 - Article
SN - 0004-6256
VL - 165
SP - 1
EP - 14
JO - Astronomical Journal
JF - Astronomical Journal
IS - 2
M1 - 74
ER -