TY - JOUR
T1 - Lined rock caverns
T2 - A hydrogen storage solution
AU - Masoudi, Mohammad
AU - Hassanpouryouzband, Aliakbar
AU - Hellevang, Helge
AU - Haszeldine, R. Stuart
N1 - Funding Information:
M.M. and H.H. acknowledge the funding received for this study from the HYSTORM projects “clean offshore energy by hydrogen storage in petroleum reservoirs” (funded by Research Council of Norway under grant number 315804). The authors acknowledge UiO:Energy and Environment for the seed funding for research and research collaboration within sustainable energy, climate, and the environment. Some of the small icons of Figs. 1 and 3 were taken from Freepik.com, created by “macrovector”. The explanation of the terms in Fig. 6 is as follows:, Heat value: the amount of energy released when hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water. The liberated energy can be measured based on volume or mass, resulting in different measures of energy density. Hydrogen holds the highest mass energy density among conventional fuels, meaning that a smaller amount of hydrogen by weight can deliver the same amount of energy compared to other fuels. Conversely, hydrogen has the lowest volumetric energy density, meaning that a larger volume (at the same pressure and temperature) is required to store the same amount of energy as other conventional fuels. The energy density of hydrogen can be differentiated between low heat value (LHV) and high heat value (HHV). The difference between LHV and HHV is due to the energy released when water vapor condenses. If the water vapor is in the vapor phase, the energy release is referred to as LHV or net calorific value. If the water vapor is in the form of liquid water, the energy release is referred to as HHV or gross calorific value [65]. Flammability range: The concentration range of a gas in air where it can sustain a self-propagating flame when ignited. Under ambient conditions, hydrogen has a broad flammability range (4–75 %). Minimum auto-ignition Temperature: The lowest temperature at which a substance can spontaneously ignite without an external ignition source. Minimum ignition energy (MIE): the lowest energy required for ignition of a material. Maximum Flame Temperature: The temperature of the flame produced during combustion at near stoichiometric mixtures. Detonability limit: Refers to the concentration range within which a fuel can detonate, an abrupt and violent form of combustion.
Funding Information:
M.M. and H.H. acknowledge the funding received for this study from the HYSTORM projects “clean offshore energy by hydrogen storage in petroleum reservoirs” (funded by Research Council of Norway under grant number 315804 ). The authors acknowledge UiO:Energy and Environment for the seed funding for research and research collaboration within sustainable energy, climate, and the environment. Some of the small icons of Figs. 1 and 3 were taken from Freepik.com, created by “macrovector”.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Authors
PY - 2024/4/20
Y1 - 2024/4/20
N2 - The inherent intermittency of renewable energy sources frequently leads to variable power outputs, challenging the reliability of our power supply. An evolving approach to mitigate these inconsistencies is the conversion of excess energy into hydrogen. Yet, the pursuit of safe and efficient hydrogen storage methods endures. In this perspective paper, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the potential of lined rock caverns (LRCs) for hydrogen storage. We provide a detailed exploration of all system components and their associated challenges. While LRCs have demonstrated effectiveness in storing various materials, their suitability for hydrogen storage remains a largely uncharted territory. Drawing from empirical data and practical applications, we delineate the unique challenges entailed in employing LRCs for hydrogen storage. Additionally, we identify promising avenues for advancement and underscore crucial research directions to unlock the full potential of LRCs in hydrogen storage applications. The foundational infrastructure and associated risks of large-scale hydrogen storage within LRCs necessitate thorough examination. This work not only highlights challenges but also prospects, with the aim of accelerating the realization of this innovative storage technology on a practical, field-scale level.
AB - The inherent intermittency of renewable energy sources frequently leads to variable power outputs, challenging the reliability of our power supply. An evolving approach to mitigate these inconsistencies is the conversion of excess energy into hydrogen. Yet, the pursuit of safe and efficient hydrogen storage methods endures. In this perspective paper, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the potential of lined rock caverns (LRCs) for hydrogen storage. We provide a detailed exploration of all system components and their associated challenges. While LRCs have demonstrated effectiveness in storing various materials, their suitability for hydrogen storage remains a largely uncharted territory. Drawing from empirical data and practical applications, we delineate the unique challenges entailed in employing LRCs for hydrogen storage. Additionally, we identify promising avenues for advancement and underscore crucial research directions to unlock the full potential of LRCs in hydrogen storage applications. The foundational infrastructure and associated risks of large-scale hydrogen storage within LRCs necessitate thorough examination. This work not only highlights challenges but also prospects, with the aim of accelerating the realization of this innovative storage technology on a practical, field-scale level.
KW - Geological Hydrogen Storage
KW - Hydrogen Storage
KW - Lined Rock Cavern
KW - Rock Cavern's Lining System
KW - Subsurface Energy Storage
U2 - 10.1016/j.est.2024.110927
DO - 10.1016/j.est.2024.110927
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85185831195
SN - 2352-152X
VL - 84
JO - Journal of Energy Storage
JF - Journal of Energy Storage
M1 - 110927
ER -