Oscillating between populism and liberalism in the Philippines: Participatory education's role in addressing stubborn inequalities

This paper seeks to address the wider questions of populism and its seeming contemporary rise within the specific context of the Philippines, with reference to education. Starting from the assumption that neither politics nor education sit above cultures or spaces autonomously acting upon them but instead emerge with/because/against particularities, after a brief overview of populism I explore the conceptual characteristics in context. This is informed from my own experiences of living and researching in the Philippines, including experience of the Mindanao conflict but also the failure of liberalism in the Philippines more generally, the failure of western education to ‘develop’ the nation and the reactions that led to the populists rise of Duterte. The paper offers understanding into the complexities of populism and offers some hope to how education can meet the challenge through a specific example of a critical participatory community education.