Quantifying the spatial and temporal variation of ground-level ozone in the rural Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada using nitrite-impregnated passive samplers

The spatiotemporal variability of ground-level ozone (GLO) in the rural Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia was investigated between August 29, 2006, and September 28, 2007, using Ogawa nitrite-impregnated passive diffusion samplers (PS). A total of 353 PS measurements were made at 17 ambient and I indoor locations over 18 sampling periods ranging from 2 to 4 weeks. The calculated PS detection limit was 0.8 +/- 0.02 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), for a 14-day sampling period. Duplicate samplers were routinely deployed at three sites and these showed excellent agreement (R 2 values of 0.88 [n = 11], 0.95 [n = 17], and 0.96 [n = 171), giving an overall PS imprecision value of 5.4%. Comparisons between PS and automated continuous ozone analyzers at three sites also demonstrated excellent agreement with R-2 values of 0.82, 0.95, and 0.95, and gradients not significantly different from unity. The minimum, maximum, and mean (+/- 1 sigma) ambient annual GLO concentrations observed were 7.7, 72.1, and 34.3 +/- 10.1 ppbv, respectively. The three highest sampling sites had significantly greater (P = 0.032) GLO concentrations than three Valley floor sites, and there was a strong correlation between concentration and elevation (R-2 = 0.82). Multivariate models were used to parameterize the observed GLO concentrations in terms of prevailing meteorology at an elevated site found at Kejimkujik National Park and also at a site on the Valley floor. Validation of the multivariate models using 30 months of historical meteorological data at these sites yielded R-2 values of 0.70 (elevated site) and 0.61 (Valley floor). The mean indoor ozone concentration was 5.4 +/- 3.3 ppbv and related to ambient GLO concentration by the equation: indoor = 0.34 X ambient - 5.07. This study has demonstrated the suitability of PS for long-term studies of GLO over a wide geographic area and the effect of topographical and meteorological influences on GLO in this region.