TY - JOUR
T1 - Sex Differences in Poststroke Cognitive Impairment
T2 - A Multicenter Study in 2343 Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
AU - Exalto, Lieza G
AU - Weaver, Nick A
AU - Kuijf, Hugo J
AU - Aben, Hugo P
AU - Bae, Hee-Joon
AU - Best, Jonathan G
AU - Bordet, Régis
AU - Chen, Christopher P L H
AU - van der Giessen, Ruben S
AU - Godefroy, Olivier
AU - Gyanwali, Bibek
AU - Hamilton, Olivia K L
AU - Hilal, Saima
AU - Huenges Wajer, Irene M C
AU - Kim, Jonguk
AU - Kappelle, L Jaap
AU - Kim, Beom Joon
AU - Köhler, Sebastian
AU - de Kort, Paul L M
AU - Koudstaal, Peter J
AU - Lim, Jae-Sung
AU - Makin, Stephen D J
AU - Mok, Vincent C T
AU - van Oostenbrugge, Robert J
AU - Roussel, Martine
AU - Staals, Julie
AU - Valdés-Hernández, Maria Del C
AU - Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy
AU - Verhey, Frans R J
AU - Wardlaw, Joanna M
AU - Werring, David J
AU - Xu, Xin
AU - van Zandvoort, Martine J E
AU - Biesbroek, J Matthijs
AU - Chappell, Francesca M
AU - Biessels, Geert Jan
N1 - Funding Information:
Dr Exalto is supported by Alzheimer Nederland WE.03-2019-15 and Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative: the Dutch Heart Foundation (CVON 2018-28 & 2012-06). The Meta-VCI Map consortium is supported by Vici Grant 918.16.616 from The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) to Dr Biessels. Harmonization analyses were supported by a Rudolf Magnus Young Talent Fellowship from the University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center to Dr Biesbroek. The CASPER cohort was supported by Maastricht University, Health Foundation Limburg, and Stichting Adriana van Rinsum-Ponsen. The CROMIS-2 cohort was funded by the UK Stroke Association and the British Heart Foundation (grant number TSA BHF 2009/01). The CU-STRIDE cohort was supported by the Health and Health Services Research Fund of the Food and Health Bureau of the Government of Hong Kong (grant number 0708041), the Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, and Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Center for Prevention of Dementia. The GRECogVASC cohort was funded by Amiens University Hospital and by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (grant number DGOS R1/2013/144). The MSS-2 cohort is funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant number WT088134/Z/09/A to Dr Wardlaw) and the Row Fogo Charitable Trust. The PROCRAS cohort was funded via ZonMW as part of the TopZorg project in 2015 (grant number 842003011). The CODECS cohort (ongoing) is supported by a grant from Stichting Coolsingel (grant number 514). The Bundang VCI and Hallym VCI cohort groups do not wish to report any relevant funding sources. At the time of contribution, Dr Hamilton was funded by the College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine at the University of Edinburgh and was supported by the Wellcome Trust through the Translational Neuroscience PhD program at the University of Edinburgh.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. All rights reserved.
PY - 2023/8/8
Y1 - 2023/8/8
N2 - BACKGROUND: Poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) occurs in about half of stroke survivors. Cumulative evidence indicates that functional outcomes of stroke are worse in women than men. Yet it is unknown whether the occurrence and characteristics of PSCI differ between men and women.METHODS: Individual patient data from 9 cohorts of patients with ischemic stroke were harmonized and pooled through the Meta-VCI-Map consortium (n=2343, 38% women). We included patients with visible symptomatic infarcts on computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive assessment within 15 months after stroke. PSCI was defined as impairment in ≥1 cognitive domains on neuropsychological assessment. Logistic regression analyses were performed to compare men to women, adjusted for study cohort, to obtain odds ratios for PSCI and individual cognitive domains. We also explored sensitivity and specificity of cognitive screening tools for detecting PSCI, according to sex (Mini-Mental State Examination, 4 cohorts, n=1814; Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 3 cohorts, n=278).RESULTS: PSCI was found in 51% of both women and men. Men had a lower risk of impairment of attention and executive functioning (men: odds ratio, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.61-0.96]), and language (men: odds ratio, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.45-0.85]), but a higher risk of verbal memory impairment (men: odds ratio, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.17-1.75]). The sensitivity of Mini-Mental State Examination (<25) for PSCI was higher for women (0.53) than for men (0.27;
P=0.02), with a lower specificity for women (0.80) than men (0.96;
P=0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (<26.) for PSCI was comparable between women and men (0.91 versus 0.86;
P=0.62 and 0.29 versus 0.28;
P=0.86, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: Sex was not associated with PSCI occurrence but affected domains differed between men and women. The latter may explain why sensitivity of the Mini-Mental State Examination for detecting PSCI was higher in women with a lower specificity compared with men. These sex differences need to be considered when screening for and diagnosing PSCI in clinical practice.
AB - BACKGROUND: Poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) occurs in about half of stroke survivors. Cumulative evidence indicates that functional outcomes of stroke are worse in women than men. Yet it is unknown whether the occurrence and characteristics of PSCI differ between men and women.METHODS: Individual patient data from 9 cohorts of patients with ischemic stroke were harmonized and pooled through the Meta-VCI-Map consortium (n=2343, 38% women). We included patients with visible symptomatic infarcts on computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive assessment within 15 months after stroke. PSCI was defined as impairment in ≥1 cognitive domains on neuropsychological assessment. Logistic regression analyses were performed to compare men to women, adjusted for study cohort, to obtain odds ratios for PSCI and individual cognitive domains. We also explored sensitivity and specificity of cognitive screening tools for detecting PSCI, according to sex (Mini-Mental State Examination, 4 cohorts, n=1814; Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 3 cohorts, n=278).RESULTS: PSCI was found in 51% of both women and men. Men had a lower risk of impairment of attention and executive functioning (men: odds ratio, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.61-0.96]), and language (men: odds ratio, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.45-0.85]), but a higher risk of verbal memory impairment (men: odds ratio, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.17-1.75]). The sensitivity of Mini-Mental State Examination (<25) for PSCI was higher for women (0.53) than for men (0.27;
P=0.02), with a lower specificity for women (0.80) than men (0.96;
P=0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (<26.) for PSCI was comparable between women and men (0.91 versus 0.86;
P=0.62 and 0.29 versus 0.28;
P=0.86, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: Sex was not associated with PSCI occurrence but affected domains differed between men and women. The latter may explain why sensitivity of the Mini-Mental State Examination for detecting PSCI was higher in women with a lower specificity compared with men. These sex differences need to be considered when screening for and diagnosing PSCI in clinical practice.
U2 - 10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.042507
DO - 10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.042507
M3 - Article
C2 - 37551589
SN - 0039-2499
JO - Stroke
JF - Stroke
ER -