SQL Nulls and Two-Valued Logic

The design of SQL is based on a three-valued logic (3VL), rather than the familiar two-valued Boolean logic (2VL). In addition to true and false, 3VL adds unknown to handle nulls. Viewed as indispensable for SQL expressiveness, it is often criticized for unintuitive behavior of queries and for being a source of programmer mistakes. We show that, contrary to the widely held view, SQL could have been designed based on 2VL, without any loss of expressiveness. Similarly to SQL’s WHERE clause, which only keeps true tuples, we conflate false and unknown for conditions involving nulls to obtain an equally expressive 2VL-based version of SQL. This applies to the core of the 1999 SQL Standard. Queries written under the 2VL semantics can be efficiently trans lated into the 3VL SQL and thus executed on any existing RDBMS. We show that 2VL enables additional optimizations. To gauge its applicability, we establish criteria under which 2VL and 3VL seman tics coincide, and analyze common benchmarks such as TPC-H and TPC-DS to show that most of their queries are such. For queries that behave differently under 2VL and 3VL, we undertake a user study to show a consistent preference for the 2VL semantics.