@article{77806e2098284c55be585c47beb39520,
title = "Studying the Long-term Impact of COVID-19 in Kids (SLICK). Healthcare use and costs in children and young people following community-acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection: protocol for an observational study using linked primary and secondary routinely collected healthcare data from England, Scotland and Wales",
abstract = "INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 infection rarely causes hospitalisation in children and young people (CYP), but mild or asymptomatic infections are common. Persistent symptoms following infection have been reported in CYP but subsequent healthcare use is unclear. We aim to describe healthcare use in CYP following community-acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection and identify those at risk of ongoing healthcare needs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will use anonymised individual-level, population-scale national data linking demographics, comorbidities, primary and secondary care use and mortality between 1 January 2019 and 1 May 2022. SARS-CoV-2 test data will be linked from 1 January 2020 to 1 May 2022. Analyses will use Trusted Research Environments: OpenSAFELY in England, Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank in Wales and Early Pandemic Evaluation and Enhanced Surveillance of COVID-19 in Scotland (EAVE-II). CYP aged ≥4 and <18 years who underwent SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) testing between 1 January 2020 and 1 May 2021 and those untested CYP will be examined.The primary outcome measure is cumulative healthcare cost over 12 months following SARS-CoV-2 testing, stratified into primary or secondary care, and physical or mental healthcare. We will estimate the burden of healthcare use attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infections in the 12 months after testing using a matched cohort study of RT-PCR positive, negative or untested CYP matched on testing date, with adjustment for confounders. We will identify factors associated with higher healthcare needs in the 12 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection using an unmatched cohort of RT-PCR positive CYP. Multivariable logistic regression and machine learning approaches will identify risk factors for high healthcare use and characterise patterns of healthcare use post infection. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was approved by the South-Central Oxford C Health Research Authority Ethics Committee (13/SC/0149). Findings will be preprinted and published in peer-reviewed journals. Analysis code and code lists will be available through public GitHub repositories and OpenCodelists with meta-data via HDR-UK Innovation Gateway.",
keywords = "Child, Humans, Adolescent, COVID-19/epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Testing, Cohort Studies, Wales/epidemiology, Delivery of Health Care, Observational Studies as Topic",
author = "Swann, {Olivia V} and Lone, {Nazir I} and Harrison, {Ewen M} and Tomlinson, {Laurie A} and Walker, {Alex J} and Seaborne, {Michael J} and Louisa Pollock and James Farrell and Hall, {Peter S} and Sohan Seth and Williams, {Thomas C} and Jennifer Preston and Ainsworth, {J Samantha} and Semple, {Freya F} and Baillie, {J Kenneth} and Katikireddi, {Srinivasa V} and Ashley Akbari and Ronan Lyons and Simpson, {Colin R} and Semple, {Malcolm G} and Ben Goldacre and Sinead Brophy and Aziz Sheikh and Docherty, {Annemarie B}",
note = "Funding Information: The cohorts included in this work have been funded separately as follows: ISARIC/CO-CIN is supported by grants from the National Institute for Health Research (award CO-CIN-01) and the Medical Research Council (grant MC_PC_19059) and by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool in partnership with Public Health England (PHE), in collaboration with Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the University of Oxford (NIHR award 200907), Wellcome Trust and Department for International Development (215091/Z/18/Z), and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1209135). EAVE II is funded by the Medical Research Council (MR/R008345/1) and supported by the Scottish Government. This work is supported by BREATHE—The Health Data Research Hub for Respiratory Health (MC_PC_19004). BREATHE is funded through the UK Research and Innovation Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund and delivered through Health Data Research UK. OpenSAFELY is jointly funded by UKRI (COV0076;MR/V015737/1) NIHR and Asthma UK-BLF and the Longitudinal Health and Wellbeing strand of the National Core Studies programme. The OpenSAFELY data science platform is funded by the Wellcome Trust. BG{\textquoteright}s work on better use of data in healthcare more broadly is currently funded in part by: the Wellcome Trust, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley, the Mohn-Westlake Foundation; all DataLab staff are supported by BG{\textquoteright}s grants on this work. SAIL Databank is funded by Health Care Research Wales and the analysis of this work was also funded by Health Care Research Wales through the Centre for Population Health and through Health Data Research Wales/N.Ireland, which receives its funding from HDR UK (HDR-9006) funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, Department of Health and Social Care (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation (BHF) and the Wellcome Trust. This work was supported by the Con-COV team funded by the Medical Research Council (grant number: MR/V028367/1). Funding Information: OVS reports an institutional payment from HDR-UK/Alan Turing for work on this study. LAT reports institutional contracts with UKRI, NIHR, MRC, institutional consulting fees from Bayer, support to attend MHRA meetings and unpaid membership of two non-industry funded trial advisory committees. MJS reports an institutional payment from HDR-UK/Alan Turing for work on this study. CRS reports institutional grants from MBIE, HRC and MRC. SVK reports funding from NRS, MRC and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office. He was co-chair of the Scottish Government{\textquoteright}s Expert Reference Group on Ethnicity and COVID-19 and a member of the UK Scientific Advisory Group on Emergencies subgroup on ethnicity. MGS reports grants from NIHR, MRC and Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging & Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool. He also reports a role as Independent external and non-remunerated member of Pfizer{\textquoteright}s External Data Monitoring Committee for their mRNA vaccine program. He is Chair of Infectious Disease Scientific Advisory Board for Integrum Scientific LLC, Greensboro, NC, USA and director of MedEx Solutions Ltd. He reports minority stock ownership for Integrum Scientific LLC, Greensboro, NC, USA and majority stock ownership for MedEx Solutions Ltd. He also reports a gift from Chiesi Farmaceutici SPA to his institution of a clinical trial investigational medicinal product without encumbrance and distribution of same to trial sites. He is also a non-remunerated independent member of HMG UK Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE, COVID-19 Response) and HMG UK New Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group (NERVTAG). SB has received an institutional payment from HDR-UK/Alan Turing funding UOE Ref: 11563729 for work on this study. She also reports institutional payments from MRC, Welsh Government and NIHR. She is a member of the Population and Systems Medicine MRC board. AS reports an institutional payment from HDR-UK/Alan Turing and research grants for EAVE II and BREATHE Hub. He also reports non-remunerated positions on AstraZeneca{\textquoteright}s Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Taskforce and Scottish and UK Government Advisory Committees. RAL is a member of the Welsh Government COVID-19 Technical Advisory Group. BG has received research funding from HDRUK, the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the NHS National Institute for Health Research School of Primary Care Research, the Mohn-Westlake Foundation, the Good Thinking Foundation, the Health Foundation, and the World Health Organisation; he also receives personal income from speaking and writing for lay audiences on the misuse of science. Funding Information: This research is part of the Data and Connectivity National Core Study, led by Health Data Research UK in partnership with the Office for National Statistics and funded by UK Research and Innovation (grant ref MC_PC_20058). This work was also supported by The Alan Turing Institute via {\textquoteleft}Towards Turing 2.0{\textquoteright} EPSRC Grant Funding. The grant period spans 1 November 2021 to 30 September 2022. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.",
year = "2022",
month = nov,
day = "10",
doi = "10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063271",
language = "English",
volume = "12",
pages = "e063271",
journal = "BMJ Open",
issn = "2044-6055",
publisher = "BMJ Publishing Group",
number = "11",
}