@article{6ee78d9ea4af4040aaebbf21d7b4fc38,
title = "The complex Y-chromosomal history of gorillas",
abstract = "Studies of the evolutionary relationships among gorilla populations using autosomal and mitochondrial sequences suggest that male-mediated gene flow may have been important in the past, but data on the Y-chromosomal relationships among the gorilla subspecies are limited. Here, we genotyped blood and noninvasively collected fecal samples from 12 captives and 257 wild male gorillas of known origin representing all four subspecies (Gorilla gorilla gorilla, G. g. diehli, G. beringei beringei, and G. b. graueri) at 10 Y-linked microsatellite loci resulting in 102 unique Y-haplotypes for 224 individuals. We found that western lowland gorilla (G. g. gorilla) haplotypes were consistently more diverse than any other subspecies for all measures of diversity and comprised several genetically distinct groups. However, these did not correspond to geographical proximity and some closely related haplotypes were found several hundred kilometers apart. Similarly, our broad sampling of eastern gorillas revealed that mountain (G. b. beringei) and Grauer's (G. b. graueri) gorilla Y-chromosomal haplotypes did not form distinct clusters. These observations suggest structure in the ancestral population with subsequent mixing of differentiated haplotypes by male dispersal for western lowland gorillas, and postisolation migration or incomplete lineage sorting due to short divergence times for eastern gorillas.",
keywords = "diversity, genetic distance, microsatellite, phylogeny, short tandem repeat",
author = "Veronika St{\"a}dele and Mimi Arandjelovic and Stuart Nixon and Bergl, {Richard A.} and Bradley, {Brenda J.} and Thomas Breuer and Cameron, {Kenneth N.} and Katerina Guschanski and Josephine Head and Kyungu, {Jean C.} and Shelly Masi and Morgan, {David B.} and Patricia Reed and Robbins, {Martha M.} and Crickette Sanz and Vincent Smith and Stokes, {Emma J.} and Olaf Thalmann and Angelique Todd and Linda Vigilant",
note = "Funding Information: This study was supported by the Max Planck Society, by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through a Feodor Lynen Research Fellowship awarded to Veronika St{\"a}dele, and funds to Stuart Nixon by the Arcus Foundation, the Frankfurt Zoological Society, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The study received support from Fauna & Flora International, the Institue Congolaise pour la Conservation de la Nature, and the Jane Goodall Institute. The authors would like to thank Chrysostome Kaghoma, Magloire Vyalengerera, Eliba Bahati, Radar Nishuli, and Dieudonne B. Mungu. They would also like to thank Dan Bucknell and the Gorilla Organization. In addition, they would like to thank Chloe Cipolletta, Henry Cirhuza, Chifundera Kusamba, and Alain Ondzie. The authors would like to thank the Ministries of Education and Water and Forests of the Central African Republic government and the Ministry of Scientific Research and Ministry of Forest Economy of the Republic of Congo for giving the authors permission to conduct this study project. The authors are very grateful to the staff of the Dzanga‐Sangha Project and the World Wide Fund for Nature Central African Republic, as well as to the staff of the Wildlife Conservation Society Congo Program in the Nouabal{\'e}‐Ndoki National Park for supporting the research and providing logistical support. The authors would like to thank the invaluable and numerous Aka gorilla trackers from Bai Hokou and the whole Mondika team for their help. They would also like to thank the MNHN in France for financing the field data collection in Bai Hokou. At last, the authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on a previous version of this manuscript. Olaf Thalmann received funding from the National Science Center, Poland (2017/26/E/NZ5/00851). Katerina Guschanski was supported by the Royal Physiographic Society of Lund. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors. American Journal of Primatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC",
year = "2022",
month = mar,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1002/ajp.23363",
language = "English",
volume = "84",
journal = "American Journal of Primatology",
issn = "0275-2565",
publisher = "Wiley",
number = "3",
}