The long arc of Islamophobia: African slavery, Islam, and the Caribbean world

This article positions Islamophobia in the context of transatlantic slavery, arguing that in order to understand the long history of anti-Muslim bias in the Americas, one must understand anti-Black and anti-African sentiments in Europe. The proposed reorientation illustrates the coimbrication of anti-African and anti-Black biases implicitly present in Islamophobia.