The role of electric vehicle-to-X in net zero energy systems: A comprehensive review

Vehicle-to-X (V2X) incorporates the ability to transfer energy from electric vehicles (EVs), to appliances, homes, businesses, communities and electricity distribution networks. The role of EVs and V2X is developing rapidly and could yield substantial benefits in the transition to a net zero energy system. To understand recent developments in the field we conduct a review of 75 peer-reviewed articles published between 2018 and 2023. Recognising that distribution network operators and local governments are likely to play a significant role in grid integration and charging infrastructure the review focusses on the role of decentralised actors. There has been rapid technical innovation over this period, vehicle manufacturers are moving to include bi-directional charging within vehicle specifications, and we find a strong case for policy interventions that expedite the development of V2X. Realizing the full benefits of V2X will require collaboration within and between local and national government, and with distribution grids. From a local perspective, deployment of V2X could help to realise the full potential of local renewable energy generation, progress emission reductions, and reduce the investment needed in distribution network infrastructure. With appropriate interventions and targeting it could help to reduce energy and transport inequalities but the converse is also likely to apply. We identify barriers to the development of local and national policies on V2G, provide recommendations for policy-makers, and propose issues that would benefit from further research.